American Minute - December 30, 2015 (493 Views)
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American Minute - December 30, 2015 (493 Views) December 31, 2015 05:24PM |
"Oh, East is East, and West is West,
And never the twain shall meet,
Till earth and sky stand presently,
At God's great judgment seat"
wrote Rudyard Kipling in Ballad of East and West.
India was called the "Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire."
Since ancient times, India had approximately 20 percent of the world's population, speaking over 1,000 different languages and dialects.
India drew its name from the Indus River, which came from the old Persian name "Hindus", derived from the old Sanskrit word "Sindhu," meaning "large body of trembling water," as the river cascaded from the Himalayas to the Indian Ocean.
Evidence of habitation dates back to 3300 BC, with a Harappan civilization from 2600 to 1900 BC.
Famous Iron Age Vedic kingdoms were the Magadha (1200-321 BC), and Lord Mahavira (599-527 BC), during the time of Gautama Buddha.
Alexander the Great crossed the Indus River in 326 BC to conquer India, but after the Battle of the Hydaspes his army mutinied, refusing to fight further east across the Hyphasis River.
Chandragupta Maurya founded India's great Maurya Empire, 322-298 BC.
His Machiavellian royal advisor, Chanakya, strategically fanned hostilities between various Indian kingdoms allowing Chandragupta to take control.
The Golden Age of India was during the Gupta Empire 320-550 AD.
Marco Polo traveled from Europe across India on his way to China in 1271, where he worked for Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan.
In 1398, an heir of Genghis Khan was Timur, or Tamerlane, called the "Sword of Islam." He conquered into India, killing an estimate 17 million.
Tamerlane's autobiographical memoir, Malfuzat-i-Timuri, composed in the Chaghatai Mongol language and translated into Persian by Abu Talib Husaini, stated:
"About this time there arose in my heart the desire to lead an expedition against the infidels, and to become a ghazi, for it had reached my ears that the slayer of infidels is a ghazi, and if he is slain he becomes a martyr.
It was on this account that I formed this resolution, but I was undetermined in my mind whether I should direct my expedition against the infidels of China or against the infidels and polytheists of India..."
Tamerlane continued:
"In this matter I sought an omen from the Qur'an, and the verse I opened upon was this, 'O Prophet, make war upon infidels and unbelievers, and treat them with severity' (Sura 66:9).
My great officers told me that the inhabitants of Hindustan were infidels and unbelievers. In obedience to the order of Almighty Allah I ordered an expedition against them."
Tamerlane slaughtered over 100,000 in Delhi, India, instructing soldiers to return with a head in each hand, and piling them into pyramids of severed heads. The Malfuza-i-Timuri recorded that at Hardwar, Tamerlane's Muslim troops:
"Displayed great courage and daring; they made their swords their banners, and exerted themselves in slaying the foe (during a bathing festival on the bank of the Ganges).
They slaughtered many of the infidels, and pursued those who fled to the mountains. So many of them were killed that their blood ran down the mountains and plain, and thus (nearly) all were sent to hell.
The few who escaped, wounded, weary, and half dead, sought refuge in the defiles of the hills. Their property and goods, which exceeded all computation, and their countless cows and buffaloes, fell as spoil into the hands of my victorious soldiers."
French historian and member of the French Academy, Rene' Grousset (1885-1952) published in his original edition of L'Empire Des Steppes:
"Mongols were mere barbarians who killed simply because for centuries this had been the instinctive behavior of nomad herdsmen... To this ferocity Tamerlane added a taste for religious murder. He killed from Qur'anic piety. ("Il tuait par piete coranique"
He represents a synthesis, probably unprecedented in history, of Mongol barbarity and Muslim fanaticism, and symbolizes that advanced form of primitive slaughter which is murder committed for the sake of an abstract ideology, as a duty and a sacred mission."
Innovations from India went EAST to Mongolia and China and WEST to Persia and Europe. These included numerical characters, such as zero, decimals, textiles, cloth, dyes, incense clock, and the games of chess.
Along the trade routes, an estimated 2 million were killed by Muslim raiders, called "thugs," together with Hindu followers of Kali. They would join unsuspecting caravans and travel with them for a while, pretending to be their friends.
After gaining their trust, thugs would distract their victims, sneak up from behind and strangle them to death with a noose or handkerchief. Thugs were careful to make sure every traveler in the group was buried so that their deeds would not be exposed.
When Muslims finally cut off all land trade routes from Europe to India and China, Europeans looked for a sea route, beginning The Age of Discovery.
Columbus thought he had sailed to India in 1492, so he named the inhabitants "Indians," and the Caribbean Sea, the "West Indies."
In 1498, Portuguese explorer Vasco de Gama finally reached the southern coast of India, colonizing the province of Gao.
They encountered Christian churches in southern India which traced their origins back to the Apostle Thomas. These churches continued early Christian traditions until the Portuguese forced them to adopt European traditions.
In 1526, Babur, a descendant of Tamerlane, founded the Muslim Mughal (Mogul) Empire in Northern India.
Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in 1653 as a tomb for his beloved third wife Mumtaz Mahal. Legends persist that to prevent another building from being built which could rival its beauty, Shah Jahan had all the workers' hands cut off.
Dutch, French and Danish colonies were established in India until driven out by the British.
The British East India Company was founded in 1600 and traded in valuable commodities such as tea, cotton, silk, indigo (blue) dye, salt, saltpetre (needed for gunpowder) and opium, which they forcibly imported into China, causing the Opium Wars.
The British East India Company introduced the planting of tea from China into India.
The British East India Company strategically fanned hostilities between various Indian kingdoms, supplying them with arms and ammunition.
After the kingdoms were devastated, the British East India Company could conquer both sides. This tactic was repeated till they controlled most of India by 1757.
A hundred years later, the people of India rebelled against the British East India Company, resulting in the British Crown taking direct control of India in 1858.
Queen Victoria began using the title Empress of India in 1876.
The introduction of the English language positioned India to become a leading economic power later in the 20th century.
During this time, Rudyard Kipling was born in India on DECEMBER 30, 1865, in the city of Mumbai, which the British called Bombay,
His grandparents on both sides were Methodist ministers.
At the age of 5, Rudyard Kipling was sent back to England for schooling.
Poor eyesight ended young Kipling's hopes of a British military career and in 1882, at the age of 16, Kipling returned to India as a journalist.
He wrote for The Civil and Military Gazette in Lahore, and in 1886, published his first collection Departmental Ditties.
At the age of 22, Kipling published numerous collections of stories: Plain Tales from the Hills; Soldiers Three; The Story of the Gadsbys; In Black and White; Under the Deodars; The Phantom Rickshaw; and Wee Willie Winkie.
In 1889, Kipling left India and traveled to Rangoon, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan, finally landing in San Francisco.
Kipling traveled across the United States to New York, where he met Mark Twain.
Kipling fell in love with his friend's sister, Caroline Balestier.
Rudyard and Caroline married in 1892 and settled in Vermont, where two of their children were born.
Rudyard Kipling wrote captivating stories, such as:
The Jungle Book (1894);
Kim (1901);
The Man Who Would Be King (1888);
Gunga Din (1890);
Mandalay (1890);
Baa Baa Black Sheep, Georgie Porgie, and
Captains Courageous (1897).
In 1896, Kipling moved his family back to England.
In 1898, they began what would become a yearly winter holiday in South Africa. There Kipling gained first hand knowledge of the Boer War.
Kipling declined King George V's offer of knighthood, Poet Laureate and Order of Merit, though he accepted the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1907.
Kipling's daughter Josephine died of pneumonia at age six.
Kipling's son John was killed in World War I at the Battle of Loos in 1915. He was 18 years old.
In Recessional (1897), Kipling wrote:
"Far-called, our navies melt away;
On dune and headland sinks the fire:
Lo, all our pomp of yesterday
Is one with Nineveh and Tyre!
Judge of the Nations, spare us yet.
Lest we forget-lest we forget!"
In The Conundrum of the Workshops, Rudyard Kipling wrote:
"Now, if we could win to the Eden Tree where the Four Great Rivers flow,
And the Wreath of Eve is red on the turf as she left it long ago,
And if we could come when the sentry slept and softly scurry through,
By the favour of God we might know as much -- as our father Adam knew!"
In The Last Chantey, Rudyard Kipling wrote:
"Then cried the soul of the stout Apostle Paul to God:
'Once we frapped a ship, and she laboured woundily.
There were fourteen score of these,
And they blessed Thee on their knees,
When they learned Thy Grace and Glory under Malta by the sea!'"
Ronald Reagan, upon ending his term as President of the United States, gave a speech, December 13, 1988, in which he quoted Rudyard Kipling:
"As I prepare to lay down the mantle of office... I cannot help believe that what Rudyard Kipling said of another time and place is true today for America:
'We are at the opening verse of the opening page of the chapter of endless possibilities.'
Thank you, and God bless you."
"IF"
written by Rudyard Kipling, 1895, first published in Rewards and Fairies, 1910
If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you;
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or, being lied about, don't deal in lies,
Or, being hated, don't give way to hating,
And yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise;
If you can dream - and not make dreams your master;
If you can think - and not make thoughts your aim;
If you can meet with triumph and disaster
And treat those two imposters just the same;
If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken
Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,
Or watch the things you gave your life to broken,
And stoop and build 'em up with worn-out tools;
If you can make one heap of all your winnings
And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss,
And lose, and start again at your beginnings
And never breath a word about your loss;
If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew
To serve your turn long after they are gone,
And so hold on when there is nothing in you
Except the Will which says to them: "Hold on";
If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,
Or walk with kings - nor lose the common touch;
If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you;
If all men count with you, but none too much;
If you can fill the unforgiving minute
With sixty seconds' worth of distance run -
Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it,
And - which is more - you'll be a Man my son!
(Brought to you by AmericanMinute.com)
And never the twain shall meet,
Till earth and sky stand presently,
At God's great judgment seat"
wrote Rudyard Kipling in Ballad of East and West.
India was called the "Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire."
Since ancient times, India had approximately 20 percent of the world's population, speaking over 1,000 different languages and dialects.
India drew its name from the Indus River, which came from the old Persian name "Hindus", derived from the old Sanskrit word "Sindhu," meaning "large body of trembling water," as the river cascaded from the Himalayas to the Indian Ocean.
Evidence of habitation dates back to 3300 BC, with a Harappan civilization from 2600 to 1900 BC.
Famous Iron Age Vedic kingdoms were the Magadha (1200-321 BC), and Lord Mahavira (599-527 BC), during the time of Gautama Buddha.
Alexander the Great crossed the Indus River in 326 BC to conquer India, but after the Battle of the Hydaspes his army mutinied, refusing to fight further east across the Hyphasis River.
Chandragupta Maurya founded India's great Maurya Empire, 322-298 BC.
His Machiavellian royal advisor, Chanakya, strategically fanned hostilities between various Indian kingdoms allowing Chandragupta to take control.
The Golden Age of India was during the Gupta Empire 320-550 AD.
Marco Polo traveled from Europe across India on his way to China in 1271, where he worked for Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan.
In 1398, an heir of Genghis Khan was Timur, or Tamerlane, called the "Sword of Islam." He conquered into India, killing an estimate 17 million.
Tamerlane's autobiographical memoir, Malfuzat-i-Timuri, composed in the Chaghatai Mongol language and translated into Persian by Abu Talib Husaini, stated:
"About this time there arose in my heart the desire to lead an expedition against the infidels, and to become a ghazi, for it had reached my ears that the slayer of infidels is a ghazi, and if he is slain he becomes a martyr.
It was on this account that I formed this resolution, but I was undetermined in my mind whether I should direct my expedition against the infidels of China or against the infidels and polytheists of India..."
Tamerlane continued:
"In this matter I sought an omen from the Qur'an, and the verse I opened upon was this, 'O Prophet, make war upon infidels and unbelievers, and treat them with severity' (Sura 66:9).
My great officers told me that the inhabitants of Hindustan were infidels and unbelievers. In obedience to the order of Almighty Allah I ordered an expedition against them."
Tamerlane slaughtered over 100,000 in Delhi, India, instructing soldiers to return with a head in each hand, and piling them into pyramids of severed heads. The Malfuza-i-Timuri recorded that at Hardwar, Tamerlane's Muslim troops:
"Displayed great courage and daring; they made their swords their banners, and exerted themselves in slaying the foe (during a bathing festival on the bank of the Ganges).
They slaughtered many of the infidels, and pursued those who fled to the mountains. So many of them were killed that their blood ran down the mountains and plain, and thus (nearly) all were sent to hell.
The few who escaped, wounded, weary, and half dead, sought refuge in the defiles of the hills. Their property and goods, which exceeded all computation, and their countless cows and buffaloes, fell as spoil into the hands of my victorious soldiers."
French historian and member of the French Academy, Rene' Grousset (1885-1952) published in his original edition of L'Empire Des Steppes:
"Mongols were mere barbarians who killed simply because for centuries this had been the instinctive behavior of nomad herdsmen... To this ferocity Tamerlane added a taste for religious murder. He killed from Qur'anic piety. ("Il tuait par piete coranique"
He represents a synthesis, probably unprecedented in history, of Mongol barbarity and Muslim fanaticism, and symbolizes that advanced form of primitive slaughter which is murder committed for the sake of an abstract ideology, as a duty and a sacred mission."
Innovations from India went EAST to Mongolia and China and WEST to Persia and Europe. These included numerical characters, such as zero, decimals, textiles, cloth, dyes, incense clock, and the games of chess.
Along the trade routes, an estimated 2 million were killed by Muslim raiders, called "thugs," together with Hindu followers of Kali. They would join unsuspecting caravans and travel with them for a while, pretending to be their friends.
After gaining their trust, thugs would distract their victims, sneak up from behind and strangle them to death with a noose or handkerchief. Thugs were careful to make sure every traveler in the group was buried so that their deeds would not be exposed.
When Muslims finally cut off all land trade routes from Europe to India and China, Europeans looked for a sea route, beginning The Age of Discovery.
Columbus thought he had sailed to India in 1492, so he named the inhabitants "Indians," and the Caribbean Sea, the "West Indies."
In 1498, Portuguese explorer Vasco de Gama finally reached the southern coast of India, colonizing the province of Gao.
They encountered Christian churches in southern India which traced their origins back to the Apostle Thomas. These churches continued early Christian traditions until the Portuguese forced them to adopt European traditions.
In 1526, Babur, a descendant of Tamerlane, founded the Muslim Mughal (Mogul) Empire in Northern India.
Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in 1653 as a tomb for his beloved third wife Mumtaz Mahal. Legends persist that to prevent another building from being built which could rival its beauty, Shah Jahan had all the workers' hands cut off.
Dutch, French and Danish colonies were established in India until driven out by the British.
The British East India Company was founded in 1600 and traded in valuable commodities such as tea, cotton, silk, indigo (blue) dye, salt, saltpetre (needed for gunpowder) and opium, which they forcibly imported into China, causing the Opium Wars.
The British East India Company introduced the planting of tea from China into India.
The British East India Company strategically fanned hostilities between various Indian kingdoms, supplying them with arms and ammunition.
After the kingdoms were devastated, the British East India Company could conquer both sides. This tactic was repeated till they controlled most of India by 1757.
A hundred years later, the people of India rebelled against the British East India Company, resulting in the British Crown taking direct control of India in 1858.
Queen Victoria began using the title Empress of India in 1876.
The introduction of the English language positioned India to become a leading economic power later in the 20th century.
During this time, Rudyard Kipling was born in India on DECEMBER 30, 1865, in the city of Mumbai, which the British called Bombay,
His grandparents on both sides were Methodist ministers.
At the age of 5, Rudyard Kipling was sent back to England for schooling.
Poor eyesight ended young Kipling's hopes of a British military career and in 1882, at the age of 16, Kipling returned to India as a journalist.
He wrote for The Civil and Military Gazette in Lahore, and in 1886, published his first collection Departmental Ditties.
At the age of 22, Kipling published numerous collections of stories: Plain Tales from the Hills; Soldiers Three; The Story of the Gadsbys; In Black and White; Under the Deodars; The Phantom Rickshaw; and Wee Willie Winkie.
In 1889, Kipling left India and traveled to Rangoon, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan, finally landing in San Francisco.
Kipling traveled across the United States to New York, where he met Mark Twain.
Kipling fell in love with his friend's sister, Caroline Balestier.
Rudyard and Caroline married in 1892 and settled in Vermont, where two of their children were born.
Rudyard Kipling wrote captivating stories, such as:
The Jungle Book (1894);
Kim (1901);
The Man Who Would Be King (1888);
Gunga Din (1890);
Mandalay (1890);
Baa Baa Black Sheep, Georgie Porgie, and
Captains Courageous (1897).
In 1896, Kipling moved his family back to England.
In 1898, they began what would become a yearly winter holiday in South Africa. There Kipling gained first hand knowledge of the Boer War.
Kipling declined King George V's offer of knighthood, Poet Laureate and Order of Merit, though he accepted the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1907.
Kipling's daughter Josephine died of pneumonia at age six.
Kipling's son John was killed in World War I at the Battle of Loos in 1915. He was 18 years old.
In Recessional (1897), Kipling wrote:
"Far-called, our navies melt away;
On dune and headland sinks the fire:
Lo, all our pomp of yesterday
Is one with Nineveh and Tyre!
Judge of the Nations, spare us yet.
Lest we forget-lest we forget!"
In The Conundrum of the Workshops, Rudyard Kipling wrote:
"Now, if we could win to the Eden Tree where the Four Great Rivers flow,
And the Wreath of Eve is red on the turf as she left it long ago,
And if we could come when the sentry slept and softly scurry through,
By the favour of God we might know as much -- as our father Adam knew!"
In The Last Chantey, Rudyard Kipling wrote:
"Then cried the soul of the stout Apostle Paul to God:
'Once we frapped a ship, and she laboured woundily.
There were fourteen score of these,
And they blessed Thee on their knees,
When they learned Thy Grace and Glory under Malta by the sea!'"
Ronald Reagan, upon ending his term as President of the United States, gave a speech, December 13, 1988, in which he quoted Rudyard Kipling:
"As I prepare to lay down the mantle of office... I cannot help believe that what Rudyard Kipling said of another time and place is true today for America:
'We are at the opening verse of the opening page of the chapter of endless possibilities.'
Thank you, and God bless you."
"IF"
written by Rudyard Kipling, 1895, first published in Rewards and Fairies, 1910
If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you;
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or, being lied about, don't deal in lies,
Or, being hated, don't give way to hating,
And yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise;
If you can dream - and not make dreams your master;
If you can think - and not make thoughts your aim;
If you can meet with triumph and disaster
And treat those two imposters just the same;
If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken
Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,
Or watch the things you gave your life to broken,
And stoop and build 'em up with worn-out tools;
If you can make one heap of all your winnings
And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss,
And lose, and start again at your beginnings
And never breath a word about your loss;
If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew
To serve your turn long after they are gone,
And so hold on when there is nothing in you
Except the Will which says to them: "Hold on";
If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,
Or walk with kings - nor lose the common touch;
If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you;
If all men count with you, but none too much;
If you can fill the unforgiving minute
With sixty seconds' worth of distance run -
Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it,
And - which is more - you'll be a Man my son!
(Brought to you by AmericanMinute.com)
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